Showing posts with label gender. Show all posts
Showing posts with label gender. Show all posts

Wednesday, April 18, 2007

Gender disparities (or despairities?)

Today's post seeks to draw attention to some interesting bits in two written works I read today: one of which is the newly re-issued Adibah Amin treasure that is As I Was Passing (written using the pseudonym Sri Delima (trans., "the glow of a ruby")); the other of which is an issue of a magazine that I picked up a couple of weeks back in Hong Kong but only really looked at this evening; both of which provide illustration the divergent ways in which men and women are apt to view matters.

First, while looking through the issue of Australia's The Bulletin whose main feature looked at Why more of us are choosing to live alone, the following observation leapt out at me from the page that it was on:-

A survey of single or divorced people showed that 39% of women over 50 planned on staying single forever, with only 36% interested in a relationship. [But in stark contrast, o]nly 2% of men of the same age wanted to remain single and 90% said they planned to seek a new partner.

(To read more, check out Bad cohabits by Katherine Fleming. Also, go here for the main article in the magazine -- one entitled The power of one -- on the sea-change in favor of singledom over in Australia.)

Then, should one decide to look for some possible reasons why women -- especially of an older generation -- may decide that they would rather stay single, one really could do far worse then to turn to Adibah Amin's collection of amusing newspaper column pieces which were originally written in the 1970s for Malaysia's New Straits Times newspaper.

From a piece entitled Tender Tussle:-

A man, they say, is Nature's eternal challenge to womankind. Just as she feels she is beginning to understand him, he changes completely and eludes her grasp. He is born contrary. Chase him, and he runs for his life. Give him up for lost, and he comes after you, all intense and wild-eyed. He does whatever he likes, goes wherever he pleases, and you must not question him. But try doing one-tenth of what he does and he flies into a jealous rage.

A man is always right. The more wrong he is, the more important it is for you to say that he is right. He must always feel he is the boss. The slightest argument from you and he suspects you are trying to "wear the trousers" -- and he becomes really impossible...

A man spends his time working, chasing a hobby, gallivanting with his cronies or staring at the television. He ignores you completely -- then expects you to light up like a beacon the moment he looks at you. He expects you to be many things in one -- wife, sweetheart, friend, counsellor, mother, sister, secretary -- and to switch from one role to another according to his moods...[!]

And this from a piece entitled The Romance Killers:-

...and what about the metamorphosis of hero into husband? When a man courts you, he is all masculine charm and gallantry. His looks are smashing, his manners dashing. If he does not jump to open car doors for you, this is only because it is not the Malaysian style. He does just about everything else for you and spends the time in between services whispering sweet nothings in your ear.

Comes the happily-ever-after you have been dreaming of and what do you get? Your Prince has turned into the Frog, the Beast, the Orang-Utan, the Fire-Breathing Monster of your favourite fairy or folktale.

He hogs the bed, the blankets, the bathroom, the newspapers. He takes the caps off bottles and tubes and never puts them back. He leaves a trail of clothes and miscellaneous belongings wherever he goes, then yells at you when he cannot find them. His den is sacrosanct, his rusty tool kit and littered desk not to be touched or even looked at, but he blithely pinches your precious nail to varnish to paint some old junk of his...[!!!]

Of course, this being dear ol' Adibah, she does go on to declare an amiable pax rather than continue to add fuel to the gender wars. Consequently, in another piece -- this one entitled Mind the Snails, Romeo ;D -- she decides to contrarily ask "Could it be that men find us [women] most lovable when we are least perfect?"

Though not before admitting to having done such as naughtily asked around, collected and proceeded to share with her readers quite a number of "odd" marriage proposals (made, of course, by men to their lady loves -- and, therefore, furnishable as further evidence of the peculiarness of men); one choice one of which goes as follows:-

"My mother likes you very much." [says the young swain]

"Really?" [asks the female half of the pair having the conversation]

"My younger brother thinks you are very pretty."

"How sweet of him."

"In fact, my whole family would love to have you as an in-law."

Electric silence.

"Would you? Be their in-law, I mean?"

!!!!!! :DDDDD

Saturday, March 10, 2007

10 more "kick ass" women movies

AKA Swordsman III
(Hong Kong, 1993)

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
(Taiwan-Hong Kong-Mainland China, 2000)

Due to matters beyond control, it's been a frustrating few days. Those who have checked my blog over regularly will have learnt of my recent technical difficulties. Then *sob* there's been the little matter of Arsenal having put Gooners -- as well as themselves -- eleven days of cup woe.

Consequently, I've had to resort to implementing a few tried and true methods to banish the blues away. And as it so happens, two of these involve watching movies; more specifically, particular types of movies.

The first of these are the kind of films which invariably get me reflecting on the fact that my life really isn't so bad at all as well as most definitely is better than many less fortunate others. As for the second, let's just say that they involve a lot of ass-kicking, and all the more better when the perpetrators are of the female gender! ;)

This time around, I managed -- wonder of wonders! -- to restrain myself and not watch my all-time favorite Peking Opera Blues for the nth time though. Instead, I checked out yet another Hong Kong movie that: would be worthy indeed of inclusion to alejna of Collecting Tokens' on-going kick-ass women project; and has directly inspired this second list of ten "kick ass" women movies from myself (to supplement that which I had fun writing up back in early January):-

1) When Taekwondo Strikes (Hong Kong, 1973) -- The film that I watched last night, previously only available as a terribly English dubbed version but now available with its original Mandarin language track courtesy of a Joy Sales VCD. Although its male protagonist is a Korean nationalist and taekwondo expert, the star of the show is a female Chinese hapkido practitioner essayed by the amazing Angela Mao and the movie also can boast of having another feisty femme in Anne Winson (who plays the taekwondo master's sole Caucasian as well as female disciple).

2) Yes Madam! (Hong Kong, 1985) -- This pioneering "Girls with Guns" effort is yet another film that makes a lie out of the oft-tendered suggestion that white people only are assigned villainous roles in Hong Kong movies! Also, as with When Taekwondo Strikes, you get not just one but two fighting females in a single cinematic offering. And what formidable femmes they are too; coming as they do in the form of real-life martial arts expert Cynthia Rothrock and a former ballerina and beauty queen turned action heroine by the name of Michelle Yeoh... ;b

3) Angel (Hong Kong, 1987) -- Directed and scripted by a female (Teresa Woo), this gritty "Girls with Guns" actioner may have taken some cues from the original Charlie's Angels. However, it substantially ups the feminist ante by having a male along with a pair of female "angels" (the latter two of whom are played by fan favorite Moon Lee and Elaine Lui) and its chief villain being a sadistic woman who's impressively essayed by Yukari Oshima.

4) Angel Terminators (Hong Kong, 1990) -- This little known work is the grimmest and most intense Hong Kong "Girls with Guns" movie I've ever seen. And by quite a long chalk too. So approach with caution but approach you really should if you are a true fan of "kick ass" women movies. And upon doing so, you'll be rewarded with jaw-dropping action performances by the incomparable Kara Hui Ying-Hung, Michiko Nishiwaki and, especially, the seriously scary Sharon Yeung Pan Pan (though Carrie Ng-philes should be warned that her character gets defiled in terrible ways in this intimidatingly no-holds-barred film).

5) Swordsman III: The East is Red (Hong Kong, 1993) -- In the wake of Swordsman II being the big box office hit that it was, there came this loose -- and much more flamboyant -- sequel to that which saw Brigitte Lin Ching-Hsia cementing her status as a film goddess by bringing the character of Asia the Invincible to glorious life. This time around, she shares the screen -- and such as her sewing needle-fu abilities! -- with Joey Wong. And it's a wonder that male hearts don't burst or bust at the often incredible sight of these two women in action in this hyper-imaginative, over-the-top offering!

6) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Taiwan-Hong Kong-Mainland China, 2000) -- That which might well be the best loved Chinese language film in the West, even if not its native East, rocketed female co-stars Zhang Ziyi and Michelle Yeoh to global prominence. However, for many long time wuxia film fans, it's the woman who played the misguided governess -- former Shaw Brothers movie starlet Cheng Pei Pei -- who can lay better claim to having kicked more movie villain butt than her fellow CTHD cast members (be they male or female)!

7) Shiri (South Korea, 1999) -- Released in Asia before Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, this politics-tinged female assassin tale rode the coat-tails of Ang Lee's 2000 film into American theatres. Sadly, that which successfully tugged at my heart-strings wasn't even close to being a box office hit in the U.S.A. However, its female star, Kim Yun-Jin, has since gone on to be a familiar face to many Americans by way of being a regular on the TV series, Lost.

8) My Wife is a Gangster (South Korea, 2001) -- This romantic comedy which actually is as action-packed as it is guffaw-inducing is one of those Asian movies which has spawned a sequel and, also, is due to be remade by Hollywood. However, I'd recommend that you forget about both the sequel and expecting the remake to be better than this original effort which has a winning performance by Shin Eun-Kyung as the tough gangster who becomes a wife to please her dying elder sister but without being prepared to take on any of the traditional characteristics of a married woman.

9) The Returner (Japan, 2002) -- This sci-fi blockbuster may be short of originality but it's still long on reasons for being able to enjoy a viewing of it. For one thing, it's got a spunky heroine played by sweet-faced Anne Suzuki. Fans of kick ass women also will get a kick out of the older woman played by Kirin Kiki who supplies weapons as well as assignments to hitmen (and, presumably, -women) and also is not above wreaking some damage herself. Furthermore for the ladies, the very cool-looking plus -acting Takeshi Kaneshiro who's the film's lead actor makes for very nice eye-candy indeed! ;)

10) Suriyothai (Thailand, 2001) -- A lengthy historical epic rather than an actual actioner this may be. However, I reckon that any film that's got a heroine who dresses as a man and rides into battle against her nation's enemy on a mighty elephant deserves to have a place on a "kick ass" women movies list. And this is precisely what Prince Chatrichalem Yukol (AKA Tan Mui)'s film about the legendary Queen Suriyothai -- and its truncated by Francis Ford Coppola version, The Legend of Suriyothai -- does possess along with the kind of treatment of its regal subject that shows that she is a venerated figure indeed in her native land.

Friday, February 9, 2007

The Gender Genie gets it wrong! ;(


As I think that many -- if not all -- of you are aware, I'm of the female persuasion. After all, as a perusal of the About Me section of this blog will show, I've hardly gone out of my way to hide the nature of my gender.

When I first started regularly contributing to discussions and such on the internet, however, I -- and Brian, the webmaster of Hong Kong Cinema: View from the Brooklyn Bridge (the site where I made my debut as a Hong Kong movie reviewer) -- had thought that it might be safer and such for me to not be all that open about my gender. Hence my writing there -- and in subsequent cyber locales, including originally on the Mobius Home Video Forum (before the institution there of a policy which requires posters to use their real names) -- as YTSL (which, if anyone wonders, are my initials).

At some point during it all though, Brian told me that, the way he saw it, my writing (style) couldn't help but give away the fact that I'm female. And I have to say that e-mails I received from certain of my readers -- specifically, those containing lines like "I imagine that you look like The Bride with White Hair..."(!) or "I have this image of you as like Maggie Cheung in Irma Vep..."(!!!) -- looked to go some ways towards confirming this. ;D

Hence my surprise when I tried out The Gender Genie -- a program designed by a couple of professors to predict the gender of an author -- and on each of the three times that I tested it out (and with three different excerpts from this blog at that), got identified as being male! (Though, in truth, I did have some advance warning by way of a piece about this program by Virginia DeBolt entitled New Data Shows I'm Male and the comments by female readers who had gone out and given The Gender Genie a twirl themselves.)

So...here's asking for some willing volunteers from among this blog's readers to ask The Gender Genie to figure out their gender. And since I thus far only know of females who have submitted samples to be analyzed, here's especially calling on those of the male gender to give it a go and then report back about the results via this entry's Comments section! :b

Tuesday, February 6, 2007

Favorite female authors follow-up post


 My favorite author as a child 

Last week, I composed an entry on Favorite female authors which I'm surprised as well as pleased to have seen attract some interesting posts on its Comments section. For the record: Wow and thank you, mikael and alejna, for deciding to go and order some books "blind" on account of my having written favorably about them! Also, in lieu of the interest shown in the works of Enid Blyton (notably by leo86 and alejna), I figured that it might be worthwhile to shine the spotlight some more on this favorite childhood author of mine (and many (non-American) others).

So, for starters, here's pointing people to the BBC Radio 4 page that links to RealPlayer audio clips of excerpts from interviews with the famous female writer. Next, interested parties are directed to a 26 December 2006 piece on Enid Blyton in The Independent which came in the wake of news that just before last Christmas, five works of Enid Blyton were finally translated into Maltese. (On this event itself, Philip Henscher was moved to observe that it constituted: "A small step for Blyton's estate, which is already published in nearly a hundred different languages, but a large one to the children of this particular island.")

Additionally, here's furnishing proof that I'm not the only Malaysian who has blogged -- and in a positive manner -- on the much criticized yet still popular English author. (For those who are not (yet) in the know: "Bolehland", where the blogger in question satirically states that he's from, is the nickname that some Malaysians have bestowed on their home country on account of one of our national government's more well-known national pride instilling-campaign slogans being Malaysia boleh! (trans., "Malaysia can (do it)!"). ;D)

At the same time, as a further follow-up to my admissions with regards to Enid Blyton having been the author of many of the books I read as a child and still turn to whenever I'm feeling really poorly, I feel obliged to pen a few words of caution for people who have managed to reach adulthood without having read a single Enid Blyton book and now are thinking of checking out one or more of them.

To quote from the Philip Henscher piece some more: "Enid Blyton is absolutely irresistible, and children who will read nothing will quite often read what you have of course recognised as the Famous Five and the Secret Seven." However, "[o]ne of the very startling experiences of growing up as a reader is picking up one of her books in adulthood, and trying to read it at all...God knows how Blyton achieves this. To anyone over the age of 13, these books are literally unreadable. I tried to read The Fourth Form at Malory Towers (sic.) a year or two ago; it was honestly about as demanding as Samuel Beckett's Malone Dies. It could hardly have been much less penetrable if I'd been attempting the Maltese translation itself"!!!

Henscher goes on to also assert that "Blyton's attitudes are often frankly antediluvian". Although he is undoubtedly guilty of exaggeration, it must be recognized that Enid Blyton's books were written by a woman who was born in 1897 -- i.e., when Queen Victoria ruled over a (British) "empire on which the sun never set" -- and passed away some years before I, like many others, started reading her books.

Still, lest it be thought that Henscher's one of those who's in the anti-Enid Blyton camp, here's additionally pointing out that among his concluding remarks are that: "You are absolutely wasting your time thinking these books, unreadable as they may seem to you, could be profitably replaced in your child's library by something better written, more amusing, more sympathetic in its moral outlook"; and, ultimately, "[t]he addiction to Blyton will come to an end, sooner or later; the addiction to reading she inculcates will go on forever."

For my part, I figure that I might as well as throw out a few excerpts from an Enid Blyton book to let you judge for yourself whether her books have any value. Granted though that Blyton fan that I am, I'm going ahead and choosing to highlight sections which I particularly like (from Last Term at Malory Towers, the sixth and final book in my favorite Enid Blyton series).

Anyways, here's what Miss Grayling, the headmistress (i.e., female "head teacher" or "principal" to those not familiar with this British English term!) of Malory Towers had to say at a meeting with some new pupils of the fabled girls boarding school:-


I want you all to listen to me for a minute or two. One day you will leave this school and go out into the world as young women. You should take with you eager minds, kind hearts and a will to help. You should take with you a good understanding of many things and a willingness to accept responsibility, and show yourselves as women to be loved and trusted. All these things you will be able to learn at Malory Towers -- if you will.

Then, after a pause, during which "every girl looked at her intently, listening hard..."

I do not count as our successes those who have good scholarships and passed exams, though these are good things to do. I count as our successes those who learn to be good-hearted and kind, sensible and trustable, good, sound women the world can lean on. Our failures are those who do not learn these things in the years they are here...

Some of you will find it easy to learn these things, others will find it hard...But, easy or hard, they must be learnt if you are to be happy after you leave here, and if you are to bring happiness to others.

Now, I don't know about you but I reckon that the above words are ones which would be pretty good ones to live by. And to think that they appeared in a book for children that was first published back in 1951... :)

Tuesday, January 30, 2007

Favorite female authors


Enid Blyton is the author of some 800 books
(including the Famous Five and Malory Towers series)

First, an update on my acupuncture treatment and its surprising side-effects: At the beginning of this new week, I decided to continue for at least a few more days with the acupuncture. So yesterday, I had more pins stuck into me. Four to be exact.

This time around, I didn't experience any ear ache or numbness in the jaw or neck. Instead, as my physiotherapist cum acupuncturist gave me advance warning might happen, I've felt uncommonly drowsy -- almost, as if I had been drugged even! -- and fatigued in the hours since receiving this latest bout of treatment.

At times like these, for all of my being a film fan that some might describe as of the somewhat rabid variety, it's books -- not movies -- that I turn to for entertainment and comfort; and books which I've read before at that. Right now, my concentration's not too bad -- just my energy level -- so I've been re-visiting one of my favorite crime novelists. (Linda Fairstein, for those who would like to know.) However, if things were really bad, I'd turn to favorite books from my childhood.

In any event, I got to realizing that the tomes from these two favored genres that I'd turn to in my hours of need all happen to be by women writers! And since some, even if not all, of them may not be familiar to many of this blog's readers, I figure that I might as well devote a couple of entries to introducing and discussing a few of them to you good folks.

For today, I'll focus on my three favorite children's book authors. So here they are (in order of my own introduction to their works):-

1) Enid Blyton (1897-1968): This amazingly prolific writer is, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)'s Index Translationum, the fifth most translated author in the world (less so than such as Agatha Christie and Vladimir Lenin but more so than -- to name a few individuals -- William Shakespeare, Hans Christian Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, Stephen King and Pope John Paul II).

Although she also did such as contribute entries to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, this English writer was best known -- all over the British Commonwealth (but, I was surprised to find, not the U.S.A.) -- for her children's books. Not without her share of controversy due to her books containing characters which some consider racist (e.g., golliwogs in her nursery tales and funny French teachers in her boarding school stories), I still will maintain that she it was who played a major plus early role in sending along the path to -- is this a word? ;D -- bookwormery!

2) Louisa M. Alcott (1832-1888): Say the name of this 19th century American author to most bibliophiles and one book in particular, Little Women, will come to mind. A true children's classic, this 1867 work has not only been translated into many languages but also spawned film adaptations; the most recent of which starred Winona Ryder and the most famous of which had Katherine Hepburn playing Josephine "Jo" March.

Strange as it may seem though, I actually preferred the popular novel's two more male-filled sequels, Little Men and Jo's Boys, to that which got the "March Family Saga" going. (Alternatively, I find it altogether appropriate that Good Wives -- the book which came in between Little Women and Little Men -- is the work by this life-long spinster which I found the least attractive!)

3) Elinor M. Brent-Dyer(1894-1969): Like Ms. Alcott, Ms. Brent-Dyer's most famous works featured characters named Josephine (or Jo, for short) and Margaret (although in the latter case, she gets nicknamed Madge rather than Meg). (And yes, I don't think this was an entirely coincidental development!) Unlike Ms. Alcott -- and more like Ms. Blyton -- however, Elinor M. Brent-Dyer was English and she contributed a great deal to that very British literary genre known as the boarding school story.

In particular, this particular author is best known -- and beloved even -- for her Chalet School series of 58 (some say 59) books; some devoted fans of which have banded together to form an official Friends of the Chalet School group. And while I'm not a paid up member of that association, suffice to say that I like the highly addictive Chalet School books so much that I've been inspired to go visit some of the locations -- namely, those in the Austrian Tyrol, Bernese Oberland and Channel Islands -- which are associated with them! ;b

Friday, January 5, 2007

10 "kick ass women" movies

The Heroic Trio

Peking Opera Blues --
another Hong Kong movie with an all-female heroic trio

There's a major storm a-brewing around these here parts. Consequently, I figured it might be best for me to get a head-start with writing today's blog entry. At the same time, I also reckoned that it'd be easy enough to get an early start today because this entry's topic -- one which I'm writing about at the request of one nice reader who has made a project out of assembling her own list(s) of "kick ass women" movies -- is one that I've already spent lots of time thinking about as well as is close to my feminist heart.

When assembling a preliminary list of candidates to write about though, I came to realize that I had a bit of problem. Yep, the Asian filmophiles amongst you guessed it: Not so much a dearth of able candidates but just the opposite!

Therefore, before going any further, here's pointing out that this list of top ten "kick ass women" movies will be limited only to offerings from Hong Kong; thereby eliminating any detailed mention of otherwise worthy works like South Korea's My Wife is a Gangster (2001) and Saving My Hubby (2002) along with the Pan-Chinese Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000).

In addition, this time around (for, if people prove receptive, there will be others!), I've restricted myself to discussing those movies which are available on DVD; and thus not any of those smaller-budget Girls with Guns movies that are filled to the brim with gutsy gals and possess titles like Widow Warriors (1990) as well as Angel (1987).

Furthermore, to ensure some diversity, I've -- and allow me to shriek our a frustrated plus heartfelt *yeeaaaargh* here before proceeding further-- actually done what I can to make sure that the list is not entirely composed of movies which star Brigitte Lin Ching-Hsia and/or Michelle Yeoh! (So, rest assured that even though you don't see titles like The Bride with White Hair (1993) or Police Story III: Supercop (1992) on the list, it's not as though I'm not aware of their existence!)

With all the above caveats out of the way, here's what made the list:-

1) Peking Opera Blues (1986) -- An adrenaline-pumping rollercoaster-ride of a movie with scenes that make you hold your breath, pause to think, giggle, laugh, smile, cry plus cheer along with its heroic characters -- the three most major of whom all happen to be, in their own way, truly kick-ass females.

2) The Heroic Trio (1993) -- A super colorful super-heroine film with larger-than-life characters; the main three of whom are played by a trio of star actresses -- one of them sadly deceased -- with larger-than-life personalities of their own.

3) Swordsman II (1992) -- This sublime movie's main male star, Jet Li, is reputed to not love the film whereas its main female star, Brigitte Lin, has named it as one of her favorites of the slightly over hundred movies in which she has appeared. Small wonder, since not only does Jet Li have to share a considerable amount of screen-time with the movie's many fighting females but Brigitte Lin, as the memorably monikered Asia the Invincible, seemingly couldn't help but steal the show from him!

4) Wing Chun (1994) -- Michelle Yeoh's best role, even if not her best film; one that showcases her incredible grace and flexibility plus all-round action prowess. And yes, we know that it's wire-enhanced and all but that flying tofu scene still is a whole lot of fun to watch! ;)

5) Dragon Inn (1992) -- Brigitte Lin had a smaller role in this ambitious effort than had been originally planned due to an accident while filming. (Part of an arrow hit one of her eyes! :o) Nonetheless, she and Maggie Cheung Man Yuk do more than enough in what scenes they have in it to make the movie a winner (as well as put the leading man, Tony Leung Kar Fai, along with the villainous character played by Donnie Yen, into the shade).

6) Naked Killer (1992) -- With its sexy females and lesbian villainesses, this Wong Jing produced work is the closest to an exploitation film of any that's on this list. So those with a sensitive disposition might want to steer clear of it. However, those who can accept -- and even like -- their "kick ass women" bad as well as good really can't afford to give this visually luscious offering a miss!

7) Lady General Hua Mu-lan (1963) -- For those who were sufficiently wow-ed by Walt Disney's Mulan, go get thee a DVD of this delightful Shaw Brothers huangmei opera-style production which simultaneously gave the title character a significantly more feminist and filial attitude than the Hollywood cartoon double quick!

8) The 14 Amazons (1972) -- A star-studded blockbuster from the Shaw Brothers which brings to the screen the legendary tale of the Yang family of female generals. On a filmic note: Not only are there three generations of women warriors on display in this work but the one grandson of the family's formidable matriach is portrayed by actress Lily Ho!

9) Fong Sai Yuk (1993) -- Being called a "mama's boy" may be considered insulting in the West. However, as this martial arts extravaganza whose titular protagonist was a real-life martial arts hero who had been taught kung fu by his mother shows, that's not necessarily the case in Chinese-speaking territories! And this especially when the supermom in question is played by the legendary -- and thoroughly feisty! -- Josephine Siao Fong Fong. :)

10) So Close (2002) -- If truth be told, this solitary entry on the list that's a 21st century offering is a work which, for some reason or other, many others -- including my father! -- enjoyed far more than me. However, even I cannot deny that it's got its share of fighting femmes as well as lots of eye-candy for action movie fiends. And that its climactic battle makes for pretty awesome viewing indeed... ;b